TEKA
Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa VIA/2006.
Commission of Motorization and Power Industry in Agriculture

Strona redakcyjna - editorial page - plik PDF

Spis treści - editorial page - plik PDF

THE PLANE INTERACTION THEORY OF THE CLEANING VANE WITH THE HEAD OF A ROOT CROP - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF

Volodymyr Bulgakov*, Ivan Holovach*, Mykola Berezovyy*, Janusz Nowak**

*National Agrarian University
15, Gueroyiv Oborony Str., Kyiv, 252041, Ukraine
**Management and Production Engineering, Agricultural University of Lublin,
Głęboka Str. 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Summary. New interaction theory of a flexible cleaning vane with the head surface of root crop in the case when the vane installed on the driving shaft makes a plane motion is proposed. Based on the obtained differential equations of the vane motion some new mathematical dependencies, describing the basic parameters of this interaction are given.

Key words: flexible cleaning vane, head of root crop, plane motion, differential equation, interaction

VACUUM WETTING OF SOYBEAN SEEDS AND MAIZE GRAINS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE AND TIME CONDITIONS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Paweł Chemperek, Leszek Rydzak

Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: leszek.rydzak@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. Moistening is a commonly used treatment in the processing of cereal grain. Some significant changes occur during such a treatment in the structure and physical properties of processed raw materials. Water absorption by grainy raw materials depends on a number of factors connected with the grain properties as well as with the environmental conditions where the process proceeds. The aim of the undertaken studies was to determine an effect of ambient pressure on the quantity of water absorbed by grain. The initial evaluation of the raw material included basic physical properties of grain, such as the moisture content, bulk and shaken density as well as the angle of slide. During the experiment the maize grain was moistened by pouring with water under atmospheric pressure and the pressure reduced to 5 kPa. The time of grain moistening ranged from 30 sec to 10 min, at the temperature of water from 15 to 70 deg C. After treatment under such conditions the final moisture content of grain was determined and the changes in the morphological grain structure were recorded on photographs.The results were presented in form of diagrams illustrating the changes in grain moisture content after its moistening under atmospheric and vacuum pressure of 5 kPa, in function of moistening duration. Basic statistical processing of the results included an analysis of regression and significance test of particular factors' effect. It was confirmed that the amount of water absorbed by moistened maize grain depended significantly on the ambient pressure at the treatment. Under the pressure of 5 kPa the maize grain achieved higher final moisture contents than the same grain moistened under atmospheric pressure. Changes in the morphological structure of maize grain after moistening were perceptible, however not to an extent comparable with the earlier-tested cereal grain and legume seeds.

Key words: physical properties, maize grain, moistening

SELECTION OF MODEL PARAMETERS OF BIOGAS IC ENGINE - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Karol Cupiał, Grzegorz Katolik

Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Control Engineering
Technical University of Częstochowa
Armii Krajowej Ave 21, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
e-mail: cupial@imc.pcz.czest.pl

Summary. The statistical methods of selection of four chosen engine model's value parameters are presented in this paper. The aim of this paper is to create a model taking into consideration non-repeatability of consecutive engine work cycles. Modelling of consecutive engine work cycles was carried out with using zero-dimension, two-zone engine model. In this model heat release was described with Vibe function and heat exchange was described with Woschni equation. Values of four characteristic parameters obtained by applying the presented methods allows for a comparatively precise modelling of individual cycles as well as series of engine work cycles.

Key words: value parameters, engine work cycles, methods of selection

INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF POROSITY AND INVOLUTION OF ROLL ON DRYING SPEED - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Volodymyr Didukh, Ruslan Kirchuk, Igor Dudarev, Igor Golovachuk

Lutsk State Technical University
75, Lvivska Str., Lutsk, 43018, Ukraine

Summary. The article proposes an analytical method of defining bulk porosity and involution of material layer in a roll, investigates their effect on drying speed of plant material in the roll in view of energy efficiency. The obtained results show that in the area of the end of constant drying speed, more significant effects of porosity and involution coefficients on the roll drying process are observed.

Key words: bulk porosity, drying speed, energy efficiency, analytytical method

INFLUENCE OF WHEAT GRAIN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON GRINDING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Dariusz Dziki, Janusz Laskowski

Department of Food Industry Machine Operation, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland
e-mail:dariusz.dziki@.ar.lublin.pl

Summary. The paper presents the results concerning the influence of grain mechanical properties on wheat grinding energy requirements. The investigations were carried out on 10 wheat varieties (grain moisture was 15%). The results showed that the specific grinding energy ranged form 22 to 37 kJ*kg-1. The changes of specific grinding energy were described by using the multiple linear regression equation, where force and deformation of grain up to the rapture point and force in the end of the compression were taken as independent variables (R2 = 0.997). The grinding efficiency index ranged form 0.215 to 0.342 m2*kg-1. The statistical analysis showed negative correlations between this index and such grain mechanical properties as force (r = -0.76), work (r = -0.79) and individual work (r = -0.69) determined for the end of the compression. Positive correlations were found between the grinding index K and rapture force (r = 0.64). The strongest and positive correlations were observed between K and force, work, and individual work characterized the end of the compression (0.86; 0.87 and 0.79, respectively).

Key words: wheat, grain, mechanical properties, grinding, energy requirements

EFFECT OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE VALUE OF FORCE NECESSARY FOR REMOVING INDIVIDUAL SUGAR BEET ROOTS FROM SOIL - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Józef Gorzelany

Department of Production Engineering, Rzeszów University
M. Ćwiklińskiej Str. 2, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
e-mail: zipr@univ.rzeszow.pl

Summary. Force measurements, taken in the process of sugar beet roots removing from soil, served as the basis for determining the effect of selected geometric features of beet roots on the value of that force. The variation of the value of that force was studied on three selected plots depending on cultivar, soil compactness and soil moisture content. Irrespectively of root size, cultivar and plot, the average values of these forces were differed and were within 399-690 N. In several cases these force values exceeded 900 N.

Key words: sugar beet, geometric features, soil, energy

PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WHEAT GRAIN INFESTATION BY GRANARY WEEVILS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Stanisław Grundas*, Ewa Rudziewicz**

* Bohdan Dobrzanski Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Doświadczalna Str. 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: s.grundas@demeter.ipan.lublin.pl
** University of Engineering and Economics in Ropczyce,
A. Mickiewicza Ave 10, 39-100 Ropczyce, Poland

Summary. The paper presents the results of preliminary studies on wheat grain infestation by granary weevil. The test material was constituted by grain of winter wheat cv. Nawra, infested by adult individuals of granary weevil. Analyses were performed of areas on the surface of infested wheat kernels, where eggs had been laid by females of the pest, as well as of areas of foraging of adult individuals. Considering the duration of the development cycle of a granary weevil individual, technological parameters of wheat kernels were determined for four periods of its growth and development, i.e. after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days from the moment of kernel infestation. The determinations were performed with the help of an Elektronika 25 system for X-ray image analysis and an SKCS. Results of the analyses showed that the preferred area of foraging of young and adult individuals is the bottom zone of the kernel, although in the initial stage both incubation and foraging took place mainly in the top zone of the kernels. Results of the tests performed using the SKCS showed an increase in moisture content and a decrease of hardness index of wheat grain with increasing duration of the pest foraging in the grain

Key words: wheat grain, granary weevil, infestation, development cycles

SYSTEM CRITERIA ANALYSIS AND FUNCTION OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Sergiy Gutyrya, Victor Yaglinsky

Odessa National Polytechnic University
Shevchenko Str. 1, 65044 Odessa, Ukraine

Summary. For objects of a set-modular structure, such as industrial robots (IR), the interconnected sequence of procedures is offered to achieve multi-criterion evaluation of design data and functional-technological optimization. A system of the boundary filtration of quality criteria set for some types of IR is offered, and an example of an optimum trajectory selection by two criteria for IR such as SCARA is resulted.

Key words: industrial robot, criteria of quality, system model, functional optimization

SCALE-UP OF THERMOPLASTIC STARCH EXTRUSION - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Leon P.B.M. Janssen*, Leszek Mościcki**

*Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen
Nijenborgh 4, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
**Department of Food Processing and Technology, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland

Summary. The scale-up of processing equipment is an important and not very easy question that must be given careful consideration during designing the extrusion technique and its tools. As the size of equipment increases, the various parameters and dimensions change at different rates, which can have a profound impact on the process. There must be a clear understanding how the critical dimensions of the equipment change as well as what the critical parameters of the process are. Equipment differences may have more effect on some processes than on others. In the paper major engineering, kinematic, thermal and energy balance aspects in scale-up of thermoplastic starch extrusion equipment are discussed. The main rules presented were worked out and proved practically during the realization of the BIOPACK project - CT.

Key words: scale-up rules, extruders, thermoplastic starch, geometrical and kinematic similarity, energy balance

EVALUATION OF DRYING-PLANT SCHIEF CBS 16-4 POWER PARAMETERS AT DRYING MAIZE - pełny artykuł - plik PDF artykuł - cz. 2

Jan Jech, Marek Angelovič, Jan Poničan, Bronislav Židek, Miroslav Žitňák,

Department of Machines and Production Systems, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
e-mail: jan.jech@uniag.sk

Summary. The aim of this paper was to find out the power consumption of drying-plant SCHIEF CBS 16-4 in working condition at drying maize grain without interference into regularization and technological running. On the basis of the listed facts it can be said, that the measured heat consumption for drying is reduced by using a drying-plant with new constructional and technological solutions.

Key words: power consumption, drying-plant, maize, new solutions

STUDIES UPON THE ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION PROCESS ON AN EXAMPLE OF DRY MATTER EXTRACTION FROM DRIED CARROTS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Zbigniew Kobus

Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: zbigniew.kobus@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. The research deals with an analysis of an influence of acoustic field intensity and dried material's breaking up during the extraction process. The obtained data were compared to results from classical extraction. A process of ultrasonic extraction was performed without cooling of the tested water - dried carrots system. It was found that in the case of intensities ranging from 6.8 to 11.2 W/cm2 and up to 20 minutes of processing time, the ultrasonic extraction gave better effects referring to separation of soluble substance than the classical method.

Key words: ultrasounds, extraction, dried carrots

HORIZONTAL PRESSURE ON THE WALL OF A MODEL SILO IN RELATION TO THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF OATS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Elżbieta Kusińska

Department of Food Process Engineering, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland

Summary. The paper presents results of measurements of the horizontal pressure exerted by the grains of oats, variety Dragon, on the wall of a model silo. Variable grain moisture levels i.e. 13.6, 19.0, and 25.0% d.b., at the initial temperature of 15oC were used in the experiments. The grains were stored over 21-day period. External temperature was controlled and established at the level of 20oC. It was found, that irrespectively of the initial grain moisture, the horizontal pressure increases over the storing period as the result of an increase in grain water content. The highest increase in the pressure was observed for the grains at highest moisture. The horizontal pressure was expressed in mathematical function of the water content, storage time, and distance from the silo bottom.

Key words: words: horizontal pressure, grain moisture, silo, storage time

ENERGY NECESSARY TO OPEN BEAN PODS AT VARIOUS NITROGEN FERTILIZATION LEVELS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Piotr Kuźniar, Stanisław Sosnowski

Department of Production Engineering, University of Rzeszów
M. Ćwiklińskiej Str. 2, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland,
e-mail: ssos@univ.rzeszszov.pl

Summary. A study of the effect of nitrogen fertilization of bean crop on the value of energy needed to open its pods. Testing performed on pods of beans of Narew, Nida and Warta cultivars grown for dry seeds, with nitrogen fertilizers applied in doses of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg*ha-1 prior to sowing. The susceptibility of bean pods to cracking was determined by pressure method. The pod opening energy for the tested bean cultivars varied and depended on the applied dosage of nitrogen fertilizers. Pods of Nida bean cultivar appeared to be the most susceptible to cracking. An average energy of 0.88 J was sufficient to open them. Pods of Narew bean cultivar appeared to be the most resistant to cracking, as their opening energy averaged at 2.35 J. Raising the dosage of nitrogen fertilizers from 0 to 90 kg*ha-1 led do a decrease in the value of energy needed to open pods of all the tested bean cultivars. Such a decrease was not statistically significant for Warta cultivar only. The relationship between pod opening energy and the dosage of nitrogen fertilizers had a form of linear function.

Key words: bean pod, energy of pod opening, nitrogen fertilizer dosage

AN INFLUENCE OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON NOx AND OTHER TOXIC COMPONENTS EMISSION IN DIESEL ENGINES - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Kazimierz Lejda

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology
Powstańców Warszawy Ave 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
e-mail: klejda@prz.rzeszow.pl

Summary. In the paper one of the methods reducing contents of nitrogen's oxides in exhaust gas in Diesel engines has been described. Exhaust gas recirculation is an effective method to reduce these components, however it results in an increase in emission of CO, HC and particulate matter (PM) and reduces engine's power. To meet obligatory standards referring to emission of NOx, designers of Diesel engines are forced to develop optimal design, so also to take into consideration exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. Conditions and reasons of formation of NOx in Diesel engines have been characterized. The essence and methods of exhaust gas recirculation have been described, referring also to the results of research works published in literature. Initial experimental works with EGR system operating in the 4C90 traction engine have been presented. In this case the external system with constant recirculation ratio has been used. Research test of toxicity of exhaust gas has been carried out according to 12-stages cycle (Hot ECE Urban + Extra Urban Driving Cycle simulation). However, a reduction of NOx resulted in the reduction of an engine's power and an increase in unit fuel consumption.

Key words: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), nitrogen's oxides, Diesel engines

INVESTIGATIONS OF THERMOPLASTIC STARCH EXTRUSION COOKING PROCESS STABILITY - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Marcin Mitrus

Department of Food Process Engineering, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland,
e-mail: marcin.mitrus@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. Results of thermoplastic starch (TPS) extrusion cooking process stability investigations are presented in the paper. Research showed that the use of additional cooling system in modified single screw extruder TS-45 allowed to keep constant process temperature for almost all the trials at the appropriate level within the range 80-100°C. There was recorded an evident influence of the screw rotation speed, the mixture composition and the moisture content of raw materials on temperature profile along the barrel of the extruder. It was found out that changes of the TPS temperature at the slit die depended predominantly on the screw rotation speed used.

Key words: thermoplastic starch, extrusion cooking, process stability

ENERGETIC EVALUATION OF POSTHARVEST CORN MASS FOR HEATING PURPOSES - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Ignacy Niedziółka, Mariusz Szymanek, Andrzej Zuchniarz

Department of Agricultural Machines Science, Agricultural University of Lublin
Głęboka Str. 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: ignacy.niedziolka@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. Postharvest corn mass was generally characterized as a renewable energy source for heating purposes. Size of crops and moisture of the postharvest mass were considered as well as the particular fractions left over after corn grains harvesting. The crop of postharvest mass reached about 15,5 t×ha-1 at mean moisture 38.2%. The heating value was also evaluated depending on postharvest mass moisture and harvesting time. The heating value of postharvest corn mass collected in the first term at the moisture of 15% was 16.4 MJ×kg-1, whereas at the moisture of 25% it dropped to 14.9 MJ×kg-1. However, the delay of harvesting by 4 weeks caused a drop in the heating value of the postharvest mass by 11% at the moisture of 15% and by 14% at the moisture of 25%.

Key words: fodder corn, postharvest mass, moisture, harvest term, heating value

OPTIMUM PLANNING OF BASIC PARAMETER CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE FOR EXTRACTION OF SEEDS FROM VEGETABLE CROPS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Sergiy Pastushenko, Kostantyn Dumenko

Faculty of Farm Mechanization, Mykolyiv State Agrarian University,
Mykolyiv, 17A Krylova Str., 54040, Ukraine
e-mail: dumenkokn@mksat.net

Summary. The results of the experimental research of the machine for the selection of seeds of vegetable crops. As a result of the received diagrams of the dependence of losses and impurity of seeds certain basic parameter descriptions have the following indexes: the angle of slope of the whip plate to the axis of whip is from 31° to 36°, the gap between the whip and the sieve is from 10 to 19 mm, the speed of rotation of the whip is 3.5 to 4.2 m/s and the size of supplying the seeds for processing is 0.5 to 1.1 kg/s.

Key words: losses of seed, impurity of seed, supplying the seed, whip mechanism

PROSPECT OF GASEOUS FUEL APPLICATION IN PLANT-GROWING IN UKRAINE - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Vyacheslav Shebanin, Sergiey Pastushenko, Valeriy Havrysh

Mykolaiv State Agrarian University
Vul. Paryzka komuna, 9, 54010, Mykolaiv, Ukraine
e-mail: mail@mex.mdau.mk.ua

Summary. An increase of energy carriers' prices has a substantial influence on the production cost. The application of cheaper gaseous fuel is one of the ways of cutting the cost of the energy resources. The analysis of the possibility of using the fuel in agribusiness is given in the paper. It is shown that natural gas is an economically effective type of fuel and manure gas is a prospective one.

Key words: liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, manure gas

SORBITOL ADDITION ON EXTRUSION PROCESS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Paweł Sobczak

Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: pawel.sobczak@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. Sorbitol, available in form of the powder, is characterized by energy value the same as the value of saccharose, while its sweetness is equal to 60 % saccharose sweetness. From among the basic properties there should be mentioned the resistance to temperature of 200 deg C, melting point at 96.5 deg C and easy solubility in water. In the presented study sorbitol was added in proportions of 5, 10 and 15% to the feed mixtures being next extruded in a S - 60 single-worm extruder, at sections' temperatures: I - 145°C, II - 165°C, head - 160°C, shaft rotary speed 100 r.p.m. and die hole diameter 5 mm. The extruded product was tested for durability (Pfost type tests); shearing and compressive forces were determined in an Instron apparatus. The tests for the water stability of the extruded product were also carried out. On the basis of investigation results it was stated that the addition of sorbitol affected the hardness of the extruded product. Owing to water binding by sorbitol the extruded product was much softer at a little higher moisture content. These features seem to be useful at production of animal feeds.

Key words: extrusion cooking, sorbitol, feed quality

MODELLING THE DEMAND OF RURAL USERS FOR NATURAL GAS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Małgorzata Trojanowska, Krzysztof Nęcka

Departament of Agricultural Energetics, Agricultural University of Cracow
Balicka Str. 104, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: trojanowska@ar.krakow.pl

Summary. The study presents prognostic models of the annual demand for natural gas of rural users, and assesses the feasibility of such models to predict the annual gas consumption. The study is limited to the models of classical time series and derived from the deterministic chaos theory. The accuracy assessment of individual models has been performed through the development of expired gas consumption prognoses, and by determining mean absolute percent errors of the forecasts ex post. It has been found that auto-regressive models, exponential smoothing models with decreasing trend and Prigogine's logistics models derived form the deterministic chaos theory, are suitable for forecasting the annual gas consumption. The latter ones deserve particular attention, as with sudden changes of the demand figures, the forecast errors in the turning points are considerably less significant that those of the classical models.

Key words: natural gas, forecast, time series models, determined chaos theory

DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNE BUDGET RESOURCES FOR PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Małgorzata Trojanowska, Tomasz Szul

Departament of Agricultural Energetics, Agricultural University of Cracow
Balicka Str. 104, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: trojanowska@ar.krakow.pl

Summary. The present study provides a solution to the decision-making task, which involves the distribution of limited budget resources of communes, aimed at supporting the replacement of currently used coal-fired boilers, which ensures desired reduction of pollution of the atmosphere, while minimising the average cost of heating the converted structures. The decision-making task has been solved with the integer linear programming method for a typical agricultural, agricultural and tourist and sub-urban communes in Małopolska Region. It has been found, that the choice of an optimal combination of boilers, in the purchase of which the commune might participate, depends on the funds which can be spent on the donation programme. The communes having considerably limited funds should mainly support the purchase of gas-fired boilers, which might constitute around 50 % of the replaced boilers. The replacement of coal-fired boilers with the biomass-fired ones should be supported to an increasingly higher degree, along with the investment resources increase.

Key words: optimal distribution of funds, optimization of energy consumption, pro-environmental activities

MODELLING OF ENERGY DEMAND FOR HEATING BUILDINGS, HEATING TAP WATER AND COOKING IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Małgorzata Trojanowska, Tomasz Szul

Departament of Agricultural Energetics, Agricultural University of Cracow
Balicka Str. 104, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: trojanowska@ar.krakow.pl

Summary. The study presents a model of demand for energy in the housing sector, suitable for use by local self-governments for drawing up heat supply plans. The model uses indicators, which are typical for the rural areas in Southern Poland, based on the statistics available from communes. With the use of the model, it is possible to establish the energy demand for heating residential buildings, heating water and cooking, with the error not exceeding 3%.

Key words: energy distribution planning, energy consumption for heating buildings, heating tap water and cooking

RESEARCH OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF COGWHEELS FURNISHING - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Sergiy Uminski*, Stanislaw Sosnowski**

*Odessa Agricultural University,
Kanatna Str. 99, 65039 Odessa, Ukraine
**Department of Production Engineering, University of Rzeszów
M. Ćwiklińskiej Str. 2, 35-6001 Rzeszów, Poland
e-mail: ssos@univ.rzeszszov.pl

Summary. During the furnishing of cogwheels by free rolling methods an essential influence on the accuracy and quality of processing is exerted by the errors of a gear wreath resulting from its formation and chemical-thermal processing. The toothcut-wheel operation is preferable since it provides the best productivity and accuracy of the processing.

Key words: shaving, angle of the crossing, a stain of contact

TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE MACHINE PARTS' OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Anatoliy Usov, Alexander Nitsevich

Odessa State National Polytechnic University, Odessa
Schevchenko Str. 1., 65044 Odessa, Ukraine
e-mail: usova@forlep.net

Summary. An analysis of machine parts' frictional processing resulting in these parts' improved performance is effected. The influence of predominating technological parameters upon the metal's surface layers' characteristics forming has been investigated.

Key words: strengthening, surface firmed layer, heat conductivity, technological regimes, main parameters

MICROPROCESOR MODEL TO CONTROL ZI MOTORS - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Stanisław Walusiak, Marek Podleśny, Wiktor Pietrzyk

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology
Nadbystrzycka Str. 38d, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: s.walusiak@pollub.pl

Summary. The paper presents an idea of a model of an electronic control unit based on a micro-controller AVR by ATMEL. The type used in tests is ATmega32. Its internal memory is sufficient to create and test single and composed algorithms. The model is able to change its software quickly, which is very important for the shortening of design processes. The exemplary software has been created for the controller in C language. The application of LCD display enables an observation of input and output signals and the co-ordination with board computers or any other external readout for the purpose of communication with OBD (On Board Diagnostic) systems.

Key words: ignition control, filling control, electronic control unit, ignition map, injection map, control algorithms for spark ignition motor

A MODIFIED STAND FOR TESTING WATER STABILITY OF PLANT-ORIGIN AGGLOMERATES - pełny artykuł - plik PDF

Kazimierz Zawiślak

Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Doświadczalna Str. 44, 20-236 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: kazimierz.zawislak@ar.lublin.pl

Summary. The paper deals with a modified device for measuring the stability of agglomerates in water at various temperatures. Studies upon water stability of agglomerates achieved by means of extrusion confirmed usefulness of that device. According to the carried out tests, an increase of water temperature caused an acceleration of the tested agglomerate's softening.

Key words: softening, plant-origin agglomerates, testing device