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TEKA
Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa VI/2006.
Commission of Motorization and Power Industry in Agriculture
Strona redakcyjna - editorial page - plik PDF
Spis treści - plik PDF
ENERGY BALANCE FOR A THREE-WAY CATALYTIC REACTOR - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Andrzej Ambrozik* , Wiktor Danilczyk**, Stanisław Kruczyński**
*Kielce University of Technology
**Warsaw University of Technology
Summary. The paper presents the methodology of energy balance determination for a three-way catalytic reactor of exhaust gases. Calculations results and the results of experimental simulation investigations into the temperature change in exhaust gases flowing through the converter are also provided. It was demonstrated that the change in exhaust gases temperature, measured as the difference between exhaust gases temperature as they flow out of the converter and into it, could be used as a diagnostic signal. It may help to evaluate the effectiveness of an exhaust gases three-way catalytic reactor.
Key words: exhaust gases catalytic reactor, energy balance, diagnostics
RESEARCH ON PLANT SPACING RELATIONSHIPS AND YIELDS OF CROPS BY SOWING SEEDS AT EXACT INTERVALS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Aivars Cesnieks*, Arvids Vilde*, Wojciech Tanaś**
*Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Latvia University of Agriculture
** Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. A study of probable plant spacing in field crop and vegetable plantations and their corresponding yields by sowing seeds at exact intervals and growing without thinning have been carried out. Mathematical coherences for the determination of the plant spacing density and their distribution were obtained. It is stated that the plant spacing density is a function of the seed germinating power in the field. The lower is the germinating power, the higher is the irregularity of the seedlings, i.e. the number of the longer spacing increases. The obtained coherences allow to predict the irregularity of the seedlings depending on the expected seed germinating power and to specify the standard quantity of seeds per hectare. A formula is obtained for the estimation of field crop and vegetable yields depending on plant density.
Key words: plant density, plant spacing, yields, mathematical coherences
EFFECT OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT GRINDING OF LUPINE SEEDS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Józef Grochowicz, Dariusz Andrejko
Department of Engineering and Machines of Food Processing Industry
Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The paper presents the changes in energy consumption at disintegration of lupine seeds of differentiated moisture content. The seeds of six lupine cultivars (Juno, Amulet, Wat, Bardo, Emir and Sur) were used for the study. Moreover, the temperature and moisture content of the disintegrated material were recorded during the tests. The obtained results showed a distinct correlation between the seed moisture content and energy input during the disintegration of 1 ton lupine seeds. The correlation was described by polynomials of the third order.
Key words: energy of disintegration, lupine seeds, moisture content
MODELING OF DYNAMIC FORCES OF A TRACTOR AND THREE-POINT HITCHED IMPLEMENT IN THE MATLAB-SIMULINK PROGRAM ENVIRONMENT - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Konstanty Juziuczuk, Zbigniew Kamiński
Departament of Automotive Vehicles, Białystok University of Technology
Summmary. The system of a tractor with a hitched implement (THI) has been modeled in the MATLAB-SIMULINK program with the help of a mathematical system model. The exemplary results of simulative explorations of dynamic loads of the aggregate wheels are presented.
Key words: tractor, stability, steerability
INVESTIGATION OF ROLL DRYING EFFICIENCY - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Ruslan Kirchuk*, Volodymyr Didukh*, Krzysztof Plizga**
*Lutsk State Technical University
**Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The article represents the investigation results of plants drying with the application of oscillating temperature modes and various connection modes for drying agent and atmospheric air. The mathematical model and observed dependences confirming the application efficiency of the suggested drying methods are given.
Key words: mathematical model, plants drying, drying phases
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CARROT SEEDING USING PRECISION BELT SEEDER S011 ALEX - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Józef Kowalczuk, Janusz Zarajczyk
Department of Horticultural Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The goal of the research was to examine the quality of sowing carrot seeds with S011 Alex seeder of the belt type. The research was conducted on Karotan and Joba carrot varieties, at three working speeds of the seeder, i.e. 0.7, 1.0 and 1.4 m/s. It was shown that this seeder ensured full coverage with soil of all sown carrot seeds and maintained the preset depth of sowing. Best quality sowing was achieved at a working speed of 0.7 m/s. At the speed of 1.0 m/s the quality slightly deteriorated, while at the speed of 1.4 m/s the achieved results in terms of singulation and percentage of skips were significantly worse compared to the results achieved at the speed of 0.7 m/s.
Key words: carrot, precision seeding, seeding quality
ASSESMENT OF OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS FOR DIESEL ENGINES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Stanisław W. Kruczyński, Andrzej Ambrozik, Wiktor Danilczyk
Warsaw University of Technology
Summary. The present paper deals with main problems occurring when supplying combustion engines with liquid fuels. Disadvantageous effects occurring in fuel supply systems of engines were discussed, and possible problems connected with reduction of emission of noxious matters were presented. Test procedures were elaborated at the Institute of Vehicles of the Warsaw University of Technology, for an assessment of the characteristics of liquid fuels in connection with pollution of fuel sprayers and emission of noxious matters. Results of tests of assessed fuels were presented, including vegetable originated fuels.
Key words: fuel supply system, fuel sprayers, pollution
SHOULD WE ALWAYS USE THE MEAN VALUE? - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Krzysztof S. Kubacki
Department of Applied Mathematics, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. In many books on statistics for practitioners the expectation (sample mean) is said to be a measure of the central tendency in the distribution (of the sample). But it is not always the case as the concept of expectation is analogous to the physical concept of the center of gravity of a distribution of mass. The aim of the paper is to influence the practitioners to consider the use of a larger variety of models., e.g. normal mixtures.
Key words: estimator, robustness, normal mixture, Eisenberger's criterion; Behboodian's criterion
EFFECTS OF CONDITIONING METHODS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING PELLETING - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Ryszard Kulig, Janusz Laskowski
Departament of Machine Operation in Food Industry, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary: The paper presents the results of studies on the effects of conditioning methods on energy consumption during pelleting of selected plant raw materials. Steam conditioning was compared with cold conditioning. Electrical and thermal energy consumption in the pelleting process were determined. It was found that steam conditioning allowed to reduce electrical energy consumption (on average by 30%), as compared with cold conditioning. Total energy consumption during pelleting was lower in the case of cold conditioning.
Key words: pelleting, conditioning, energy consumption
AN INFLUENCE OF OUTER ENERGY ON MOISTURE CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN RYE GRAINS STORED IN A MODEL SILO - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Elżbieta Kusińska
Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. Results of water content measurements in rye grains stored in a silo at variable outer temperatures are presented in the paper. The values fluctuated due to the process of cereal respiration as well as diffusion. The highest increase of the tested parameter was observed in the grain with 0.250 kg*(kg d.b.)-1 of the water content and stored at the highest temperature. Applying the multiply regression analysis, water content was expressed as a function of its initial amounts, outer temperature, storage time and measurement point placement.
Key words: grain storage, silo, water contents, outer temperature
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN PNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC REGULATOR OF BRAKE FORCES OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Mikołaj Miatluk*, Jarosław Czaban **
*Department of Automation Technique
**Department of Automotive Vehicle
Bialystok University of Technology
Summary. The method of computer identification of dynamic conductivity of automatic regulator of brake force of automotive vehicle is presented in the paper. The obtained results were used in calculations of brake circuit dynamic of a truck with automatic regulator of brake force. Diagrams of pressure runs in different points of brake circuit with different positions of control lever are presented.
Key words: Pneumatic brake systems, regulator of brake forces of vehicles
AN ESTIMATION OF ENERGY INPUT IN THE PROCESS OF SWEET CORN KERNELS HARVESTING AND CUTTING - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Ignacy Niedziółka, Mariusz Szymanek
Department of Agricultural Machines Science, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The research aimed at a description of labour and energy inputs during combine harvesting of cobs and their post-harvest treatment. Additionally, the cut kernels mass was determined for variable angular speeds of the cutter's knife head. The highest work input for a surface unit (11.3 h*ha-1) and the material's mass (0.7 h*t-1) was recorded for kernels cutting. The energy input, however, was the highest for cob harvesting (about 51% of the total input). An increase of the angular speed of the cutter's knife head in the range from 167.5 to 301.2 rad*s-1 at the cob feeder's linear speed 0.31 m*s-1 resulted in the cut mass increase by about 28%.
Key words: sweet corn, cob harvesting, kernels cutting, energy input
INCREASES OF NOMINAL PRESSURE AT HYDRAULIC UNLOADING OF THE SWINGING UNIT IN THE AXIAL-PISTON HYDROMACHINE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Ilya Nikolenko*, Eugeniusz Krasowski**, Victor Nikolenko***
*Odessa Agricultural University
**Agricultural University of Lublin
***Odessa National Polytechnic University
Summary. An establishment of dependences for a definition of nominal pressure of the axial piston hydromachine, whose fatigue is limited by durability of the block of cylinders, is presented. Results of calculation of intensity of pressure in the crosspiece between cylinders are given, depending on the basic geometrical parameters of the swinging unit. An analysis of influence of the length of cylinders, forms of a sealing part of pistons and rigidity of a ground part of the block of cylinders on the level of nominal pressure of the hydromachine is carried out.
Key words: nominal pressure, hydraulic unloading
A SIMPLIFICATION OF MACHINERY SEATING ON AN EXAMPLE OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Leszek Piaseczny
Naval University of Gdynia
Summary. An installation simplification of power plant machinery was presented. Simplifications involved steel replaced by polymer chock, diminishing of polymer chock, decrease of foundations bolts retightening and decrease of a foundation bolts number and diameter on example of MAN B&W 12V32/40 marine diesel engine and 550 kW Paxman diesel generator set.
Key words: machinery seating, ship power plant, polymer chocking
ELABORATION THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO OBTAIN THE OPTIMUM PERFORMACE OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR ENGINE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Simion Popescu**, Ilie Dumitru*, Sorin Boruz**, Zbigniew Kiernicki***
*University of Craiova (Romania)
**Transilvania University of Brasov (Romania)
***Technical University of Lublin, Poland
Summary. The phenomena that take place during the functioning of diesel engines having a classic type fuel injection are complex ones, therefore the corresponding mathematical models can be elaborated mostly based upon the experimental results and data (known as system identification). In order to improve the performances for vehicles (cars and tractors) equipped with this kind of diesel engine, during the last years, researches have been conducted to obtain some specific mathematical algorithms. These researches are based upon the advantages offered by the analytical solution from the viewpoint of experimenting with compression ignition engine.
With the help of classic implementations of higher mathematics together with adequate software, the algorithm is elaborated in the paper, which defines the optimum working curve for the 33,1 kW diesel engines for the Romanian tractors U 445. The elaboration of the optimum working curve for a diesel engine constitutes the most important step in the conception of an on-board information system which helps reduce engine fuel consumption.
Key words: diesel engine; optimum working curve; on-board information system
BIODEGRADABLE FOIL EXTRUDED FROM THERMOPLASTIC STARCH - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Andrzej Rejak, Leszek Mościcki
Department of Food Process Engineering, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The work was designed to determine the influence of a screw kind, emulsifier used and moisture on the tensile strength parameters of biodegradable foil obtained from starch and glycerol. The results imply a direction of further development of studies on the biodegradable foil production technology.
Key words: biodegradable foil, extrusion, film blowing, emulsifier
AGRICULTURE AND FUELS OF THE FUTURE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Andrzej Roszkowski
Institute for Building, Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (IBMER), Warsaw
Summary. The increasing demand for energy and transport fuels with reference to PKB (gross national product). Energy demand with regard to conventional fuels (crude oil, natural gas). Abilities and limitations of agriculture as a producer of energy or energy raw materials. Hydrogen as a fuel of future.
Key words: energy raw materials, agro-energy, biomass, cost of production, natural gas, air pollution, hydrogen, gasification, electrolysis, fuel cell, distribution
FORCES ACTING ON A PLOUGH BODY - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Adolfs Rucins*, Arvids Vilde*, Wojciech Tanaś**
*Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Latvia University of Agriculture
** Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. By using analytical correlations derived as a result of theoretical research, a computer algorithm has been worked out for simulating the functions of a plough body and the forces exerted by soil upon the operating parts, as well as its draft resistance. These correlations allow to determine the forces acting on a plough body and its draft resistance depending on the body parameters, as well as to evaluate the impact of the physical and mechanical properties of soil upon it. They considerably influence the draft resistance of the body and, respectively, the energy capacity of ploughing and fuel consumption. The greatest influence upon the draft resistance is exerted by soil hardness, density and slip resistance along the surfaces of the operating parts. The speed increasing, the optimum inclination value of the horizontal generatrix for the minimum draft resistance decreases. In loamy soils, when the operating speed is 1...3 m s-1, its optimum value is correspondingly 50...250.
The draft resistance of the supporting surfaces can reach 25...30% of the total plough body draft resistance or 42...54% of its share-mouldboard drafts resistance. The friction resistance constitutes 50-60% of the total resistance including the resistance of the supporting surfaces (25...30%).
Key words: forces acting on the plough body, draft resistance, analytic correlations, optimisation of parameters.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE CRUMBLING PROCESS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Paweł Sobczak
Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The paper presented a study on the energy consumption of crumbling process at different parameters. Raw material was disintegrated to the size less then 1 mm and pelleted on the pelletizer GR-2 with the hole diameter of 4,8 mm in the die. The obtained pellets were crumbled at the gap of 1,5 mm between rolls and at three different rolls speeds: 300, 500 and 700 r.p.m. The effect of the rolls speed increases is the rise in the processing efficiency and the decrease of the energy consumption per 1 ton of product.
Key words: energy consumption, efficiency, crumbling process
AN INFLUENCE OF TOOL GEARINGS PARAMETERS ON THE PARAMETERS OF ACCURACY AT THE PROCESSING BY ROLLING METHODS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Sergiey Uminski, Anatoliy Yakovenko*, Stanisław Sosnowski**
*Agricultural University of Odessa (Ukraine)
**Ropczyce School Engineering and Managment (Poland)
Summary. On the basis of the carried out analytical and experimental researches on machine-tool gearings at sheaving by methods of "a short course" and tangential submission it has been established that the arising in the beginning and the end of an operation cycle of deformation of technological system result in a displacement of a stain of contact along a tooth of preparation, a change of a corner of crossing of axes of preparation and the tool. With an increase of a corner of crossing of axes sheaving and preparations, both the size of the combined skew and an error of a direction of a tooth are increased.
Key words: sheaving, angle of the crossing, a stain of contact.
ENERGETIC ESTIMATION OF SOIL TILLAGE MACHINES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Arvids Vilde*,Wojciech Tanaś**
* Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Latvia University of Agriculture
** Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. Investigations are carried out, as well as a methodological foundation presented for the energetic estimation of machines with passive operating parts (ploughs, cultivators, harrows etc.) that are chiefly used in soil tillage. For unbiased energetic estimation of a soil tillage machine one should find out its static resistance and the coefficient of its dynamic resistance. On the basis of theoretical research methodology is worked out how to determine energetic characteristics of soil tillage machines.
Key words: soil tillage machines, energetic estimation, testing methods, specific draft resistance, static resistance, dynamic resistance.
AN ANALYSIS OF SMOKE EMISSIONS FROM A RAPE BIOFUEL FED TRACTOR ENGINE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Jacek Wasilewski
Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The paper contains research results after testing experimentally the level of fumes smokiness in a S-4003 engine of an agricultural tractor Ursus C-360 as well as theoretical dependencies determined by the method of the curve line regression analysis, for an engine fed with ester fuel RME, diesel oil ON and the mixtures of both. The tests were carried out on the dynamometric stand in the engine brake hall at two rotational speeds of an engine (the maximum torque and the rated power) for the full loadings range. The level of smokiness was determined by the filter method using the smoke counter D-400.
Key words: ester fuel RME, fumes smokiness level, tractor engine
APPLICATION OF THE COLD STAMPING METHOD FOR RAPESEED OIL EXTRACTION - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Grzegorz Wcisło
Department of Energetics of Agriculture, Agricultural University of Cracow
Summary. The report presents the results of research on determining the amount of oil that can be obtained by the method of single- stage rapeseed varieties stamping. Furthermore, after taking into account rapeseed varieties harvesting, the amount of oil that can be obtained from the cultivation area of 1 hectare was established. After examining fourteen different varieties, it was found that the difference in oil output was 14%. Within the same variety, cultivated in several different places, the difference reached 32%. Relatively, from 1 hectare of culture 1158 kg (1288 dm3) to 1592 kg (1760 dm3) was obtained, which indicates that the most favorable variety can give out about 37% more oil than the least favorable one.
Key words: rape oil, biofuel
DIAGNOSING MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Sławomir Wierzbicki
Department of Operation of Vehicles and Machines, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Summary. The paper presents the problem of diagnosing microprocessor-controlled systems of working machines. The methods applied most often to estimate their technical condition have been described. The direction of further development of diagnostic systems of electronically-controlled units has been also proposed, the ultimate goal being the evaluation of the state of both the working process and particular final controlling elements of the system.
Key words: microprocessor controller, working unit of a machine, diagnostics
MEASUREMENT METHODS OF SELECTED PARAMETERS IN AN AXIAL PISTON PUMP BY MEANS OF A COMPUTER MEASURING SYSTEM - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Tadeusz Zloto
Institute of Machine Technology and Production Automation,
Częstochowa University of Technology
Summary. The paper presents a design of a computer-based measuring system for monitoring the basic operating parameters of an axial multi-piston pump, which are subsequently used for determining a current efficiency of the pump. Besides, the characteristics are discussed of various measuring sensors, including an optoelectronic sensor for measuring the temperature of the pump cylinder block.
Key words: measuring system, hydraulic system, pump, measuring sensor
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