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TEKA
Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa V/2005.
Commission of Motorization and Power Industry in Agriculture
Strona redakcyjna - editorial page - plik PDF
Spis treści - plik PDF
LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS OF THE SUGAR BEET ROOT CROP BODY AT VIBRATIONAL EXTRACTION FROM SOIL - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Volodymyr Bulgakov, Janusz Nowak*, Wojciech Przystupa**
*National Agrarian University, Ukraine
**Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland
Summary. The longitudinal vibrations theory of a continuous elastic body with one fixed extremity is designed. The Hamilton principle of a stationary operation is applied. By Ritz's method the Ritz's equation of frequencies for viewed oscillatory process is obtained. In particular, analytical expressions for definition of the first and second fundamental frequencies of body vibrations and forced vibrations amplitude of its any cross-section are obtained.
Key words: vibrating lifter, sugar beet, mathematical model
TESTING AN INFLUENCE OF THE PISTON MASS AND HEIGHT ON THE VIBRATIONS DYNAMICS IN THE CYLINDER LINER OF AN AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR IN PROECOLOGICAL ASPECT - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Zbigniew Burski*, Joanna Tarasińska**
*Department of Vehicles and Engines
**Department of Applied Mathematics
Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland
Summary. The paper presents tests results concerning an influence of size modifications in a piston of a tractor engine on the cylinder liner's vibrations level. The result showed a significant reduction of the liner's linear vibrations level in the range of mechanical activities of the piston. This can have an ecological and exploitation significance for both the staff and the working environment.
Key words: size modifications, piston, cylinder liner, vibrations dynamics
RESEARCH ON SYMPTOM SENSITIVITY OF A MECHANICAL SYSTEM STATE IN ORGANIC DUST CONDITIONS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Zbigniew Burski*, Joanna Tarasińska**
*Department of Vehicles and Engines,
**Department of Applied Mathematics
Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland
Summary. The paper presents the analysis of influence of chosen exploitation and environmental factors (oil polluted by organic dustiness among others) on the vibrations of a cylinder sleeve in the S-4002/3 engine. The following parameters of the vibration spectrum were analysed: the average level of vibrations, the maximum level of vibrations, the frequency of the maximum vibration level and the average frequency.
Key words: mechanical system, exploitation, diesel engine, organic dust
THE TRACTION SURVEY AND MONITORING OF A VEHICLE USING A SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Karol Cupiał*, Janusz Grzelka*, Adam Dużyński*, Piotr Grzelka**
*Institute of Piston Machines and Control Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology
**Faculty of Electronics, Branch Motion Telecommunication, Wroclaw University of Technology
Summary. The paper presents the results of the traction survey of a vehicle by using a system incorporating satellite navigation receivers operating in the GPS system and a differential system operating with a reference station (DGPS) enabling recording of the momentary coordinates of the location and velocity of the vehicle under examination in the ellipsoid system (x, y, z - the WGS-84 system) at a frequency of 20 Hz., a swell as other things. The results have been compared to the results of the vehicle survey using the so called "fifth wheel". An application developed in the LabView environment is also presented, together with its practical utilization allowing the determination of the online location of an agricultural vehicle during field work by using the AVL method.
Key words: traction survey, external characteristic, fifth wheel, satellite navigation system, vehicle positioning
IDENTIFICATION OF STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A PNEUMATIC REGULATOR OF BRAKING FORCES IN VEHICLES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Jarosław Czaban*, Mikołaj Miatluk**
*Department of Automotive Vehicle,
**Department of Automation Technique,
Bialystok University of Technology
Summary. A method of identification and determination of static characteristics of an automatic regulator of braking forces in a vehicle is presented in the paper. Theoretical and experimental static characteristics of a regulator were defined. The results of the experiment were presented in the form of the function of the control lever position of a regulator. Comparison and analysis of theoretical and experimental characteristics in braking-reverse-braking process were carried out.
Key words: pneumatic brake systems, regulator of braking forces in vehicles
INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON WHEAT GRINDING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Dariusz Dziki, Janusz Laskowski
Department of Food Industry Machinery Operation
Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The paper presents the results concerning the influence of grain moisture content and debranning ratio on wheat grinding energy utilization using a hammer mill. The results showed that as the grain moisture increased (range 12-16%) the specific grinding energy increased, too (from 15 to 21%). The debranning caused the decrease of this parameter from 20 to 46%. The highest changes of grinding energy efficiency index were observed for grain after the first stage of debranning (debranning ratio 49%). As the debranning ratio increased the values of this index increased, too (from 16 to 31%). However, as the size of screen holes increased, a higher increase of energy efficiency index was observed. The changes of grinding energy indices were described by using the multiple linear regression equations. The models, which were the functions of screen holes size and grain properties (moisture content, debranning ratio, mass of grain) explained most of the variability in the experimental data.
Key words: wheat, grinding, energy consuming, hammer mill
SELECTED ASPECTS OF WEAR OF THE CATERPILLAR DRIVE PARTS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Leszek Gardyński
Lublin University of Technology
Summary. The paper presents typical wear cases of caterpillar tracks and discusses the methods of improving the wear resistance. In modern caterpillars, the wear resulting from grinding between the track and the ground and the track and the elements of the driving system is the most significant. Metal powder coating is proposed as a method of improving the track durability.
Key words: caterpillar tracks, wear resistance
THE CONCEPT OF THE BUS FLUID POWER SYSTEM OF THE MINING MACHINE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Tomasz Greczanik, Jarosław Stryczek
Wroclaw University of Technology
Summary. The paper presents the old hydraulic structure of a drilling vehicle and some reasons of its failures. It describes a new fluid power system called bus fluid power system. Also, it presents a new bus control system.
Key words: hydraulic structure, control system, fluid power system
DISTRIBUTION OF BREAKING FORCES IN TWO-AXLE AGRICULTURAL TRAILERS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Zbigniew Kamiński
Department of Automotive Vehicles, Bialystok University of Technology
Summary. The ways of detection of permissible values of the coefficient of linear distribution of braking forces in two-axle agriculture trailers according to the requirements of Regulation No. 13ECE are described in the paper. Criterion of calculation of the optimum distribution parameters which are helpful for the choice of the correctors of braking forces with linear characteristics is also presented. The example of the detection of the distribution boundary parameters for a trailer of loaded, unloaded and 4t capacity states is considered.
Key words: agricultural trailer, braking, requirements
SOME OUTPUT PARAMETERS OF INDIRECT INJECTION DIESELS RUNNING ON RAPE BIOFUEL UNDER TRANSIENT CONDITIONS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Zbigniew Kiernicki
Lublin University of Technology
Summary. The results of transient tests of Diesel engines with precombustion chamber and swirl chamber have been presented in the paper. Dynamic characteristics of the tested engines fuelled with rape biofuels have been obtained. The test fuels were standard diesel oil, rape oil - diesel oil mixture and rape oil methyl ester. The dynamic output parameters of the two typical IDI engines have been shown.
Key words: renewable fuels, transient conditions, dynamic characteristics, Diesel engine, indirect injection
THE MECHANICS OF FUEL SULPHUR INFLUENCE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Miłosław Kozak, Jerzy Merkisz
Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznań University of Technology
Summary. The paper proves that, fuel sulphur influence on exhaust emissions form modern Diesel engines is chiefly connected with sulphur impact on catalytic emissions control systems. The mechanics of impact and negative effects of sulphur contained in fuel on various diesel emission control devices, as well as mechanics of formation of PM (sulphates) in catalytic converters, are described. The paper shows also, that sulphur sensitivity depends considerably on the catalyst formulation and engine operating conditions as well.
Key words: sulphur, diesel fuel, diesel engine, exhaust emissions
A CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO, CO2, HC AND NOX AT THE WORK OF A COMBUSTION ENGINE FED WITH PETROL IN NSTABLE THERMAL CONDITIONS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Andrzej Kuranc
Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The presented article introduces problems concerned with exhaust emission, produced at the work of a combustion engine fed with petrol in unstable thermal conditions after a cold starting in low temperature. It also shows the possibilities of using a diagnostic fume analyzer type NDIR, adapted for taking continuous measurements and connected to a PC class computer, for measurements of toxic fumes contents emissions during the work of an engine in changeable conditions.
The results of the measurement present the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrate oxides and hydrocarbons as well as an engine's rotational speed for a cold starting in ambient conditions. Enhanced emissions of CO, CO2, HC and NOX can be observed in the first few minutes of work. In the first part of the period the emissions of the above-mentioned contents are exceptionally high.
Key words: exhaust gas emission, cold start, spark ignition engine
IMPACT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF TRITICALE GRAIN - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Elżbieta Kusińska
Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The work presents results of research on the geometrical parameters of triticale grain length, width, contour and area of horizontal projection in relation to moisture content and storage time. An enlargement of all geometrical parameters and grain temperature was observed, as a result of the natural processes of grain respiration. The statistical analysis of results showed that the storage time and moisture content have a crucial impact on grain geometrical parameters. For this survey suitable regression equations were written.
Key words: grain, moisture content, storage, geometrical parameters
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INJECTION PROCESS IN DIESEL ENGINES FOR SUPPLY SYSTEM
EQUIPPED WITH IN LINE INJECTION PUMP - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Kazimierz Lejda
Rzeszów University of Technology
Summary. In the article the mathematical simulation of the injection process run with in-line injection pump is presented. The verification of the model was done in correlation with the results obtained on a real engine. An analysis of represented results of the mathematical simulation gives good reason to ascertain that results correctly reproduce character of courses.
Key words: mathematical modelling, injection process run, in line injection pump, experimental verification
ANALYSIS OF THE CHOSEN PARAMETERS OF COMBUSTION PROCESS FOR A 4C90 ENGINE RUNNING IN TRANSINT CONDITIONS WITH ADDITIONAL LOADING - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Rafał Longwic
Department of Automotive Vehicles, Lublin University of Technology
Summary. Results of tests consisting in indicating a 4C90 engine in conditions of running up are presented in the paper. The engine was additionally loaded with inert masses fastened to the flywheel. The influence of given load values on the chosen parameters of the combustion process, such as mean indicated pressure, combustion maximum pressure, pressure growing maximum velocity, combustion start occurrence angle, pressure maximum occurrence angle, has been analysed.
Key words: inert masses, chosen parameters, additional loading
HYBRID DECISION-MAKING SYSTEM - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Ryszard Michalski, Arkadiusz Rychlik, Sławomir Wierzbicki
Department of Operation of Vehicles and Machines, Warmia and Mazury University
Summary. The paper presents a hybrid decision-making system oriented at the diagnosing of working machines on the basis of the knowledge acquired during laboratory and operational tests. Rule-based inference combined with procedural diagnosing enabled to make a precise diagnosis of the machines examined in the study.
Key words: hybrid system, expert system, diagnostics, knowledge base, inference strategies
CHANGES OF SPECIFIC MECHANICAL ENERGY DURING EXTRUSION COOKING OF THERMOPLASTIC STARCH - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Marcin Mitrus
Department of Food Process Engineering, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. Changes of specific mechanical energy during extrusion cooking of thermoplastic starch are presented in the paper. The results showed that thermoplastic starch extrusion cooking is related with rather low energy. The final aim of the investigations is to produce commercial disposable products from pure starch and eliminate traditional synthetics.
Key words: thermoplastic starch, extrusion cooking, specific mechanical energy
AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR DRIVER'S LIMITATIONS OF VISUAL TRANSMISSION IN ASPECT OF ROAD SAFETY IN POLAND - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Krzysztof Olejnik
Vehicle Transport Institute (ITS), Certification and Vehicle Research Institution (ZBH), Ergonomics and Visibility Research Laboratory (PBWiE)
Summary. The report presents results and solutions of problems concerning visibility and agricultural tractor driver's limitations of visual transmission. It specifies the variance of results received by limitations measurements by the research circle method and the calculating method. It evaluates the adequacy of a tractors' rear-view mirrors requirements and dimensions and location of visual fields visible in it to the usage conditions in Poland (according to the mirrors' class range and location). It discusses the legal acts, which are the basis of research and requirement, and the rules of acceptance of the results of research in other countries. It mentions types of research concerning visibility verification, conducted within the framework of an agricultural tractors type-approval research. It presents examples of requirements, results of research and road traffic limitations of visual transmission, which may involve potential hazards. It also gives examples of construction solutions with reduced direct and indirect visibility limitations.
Key words: wheel agricultural tractors, visibility, safety
TENDENCIES ON THE POLISH TRACTOR MARKET - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Jan Pawlak
*Institute for Buildings, Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (IBMER) in Warsaw and Warmia-Mazury University in Olsztyn
Summary. In Poland, the average value of the reproduction rate of tractor resources for 1990-2003 amounted to 0.90%. The value of the respective index for 15 "old" EU countries ranged between 1.96 in Denmark and 2.99 in the UK. Due to this situation, tractor resources are growing older and the technological advance is slower on most Polish farms. As a result, the technological distance in agriculture between highly developed countries and Poland becomes larger. The accession of Poland to the European Union in May 2004 was connected with the imposition of VAT on farm machines. This caused a dramatic increase in the prices of farm machinery.
Key words: agriculture, tractor market
EVALUATION OF THE TECHNICAL STATE OF AN ENGINE PRC SYSTEM BY MEANS OF FUMES CONTENTS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Wiesław Piekarski*, Grzegorz Dzieniszewski**
*Department of Power Industry and Vehicles, Agricultural University of Lublin
**Institute of Technology, Rzeszów University
Summary. The paper presents an evaluation of validity of engine fumes contents for a diagnosis of the technical state of the piston - rings - cylinder system (PRC). The most valid for the description of the state of PRC system toxic contents of fumes were selected by statistical methods. Mathematical formulas were worked out to describe changes of the technical state. It was verified experimentally whether the values found out by the formulas agreed with the real ones. The areas were pointed out for the use of the tested method in non-invasive diagnostics and in motor diagnostics.
Key words: diagnostics, PRC system, fumes analysis, working parameters
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF TRACTOR-FRONT LOADER SYSTEMS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Simion Popescu*, Ilie Dumitru**, Sorin Boruz***, Stanisław Sosnowski****
*Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
**Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Craiova, Romania
***Faculty of Agriculture, University of Craiova, Romania
****Ropczyce School Engineering and Management, Poland
Summary. The paper presents a complex measurement installation developed for experimental research on the dynamics of tractor-front loader systems, in order to allow analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the system in various travel situations, on horizontal tracks or on slopes (transport, braking, acceleration), as well as analysis of the actual working process of the loader (bucket penetration into the manipulated material, lifting of the filled bucket and discharging of the bucket). The developed installation allows for simultaneous measurement and recording of the values of 11 parameters, followed by the computer aided processing of the obtained data.
Key words: tractor-front loader dynamics; experimental research; measurement installation; data processing
WAYSIDE RELIEF AND CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IONS CAUSED BY MOTOR INDUSTRY IN SOIL - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Tomasz Słowik, Wiesław Piekarski*, Halina Pawlak**
*Department of Power Industry and Vehicles,
**Department of Technology Basics,
Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The article presents results of research on heavy metals contents in soils at second-rate roads, taking into consideration relief, and proposes a way of reduction of their spread onto further distances from roads.
Key words: heavy metals, soil pH, motorization, relief
ESTIMATION OF A SMALL FRACTION UNDER NORMALITY - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Joanna Tarasińska
Department of Applied Mathematics, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. We are interested in the fraction p of units for which a certain normally distributed characteristic X exceeds a permissible value L. When p and the sample size n are small, the fraction in the sample can not be used as the estimator of p. The aim of the paper is to encourage the practitioners-non statisticians to use in such a situation different estimators than simple "fraction in the sample".
Key words: normal distribution, estimator of a fraction, robustness
DETERMINATION OF THE SOIL FRICTION COEFFICIENT AND SPECIFIC ADHESION - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Arvids Vilde*,Wojciech Tanaś**
* Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Latvia University of Agriculture
** Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. A method is worked out to determine the soil friction coefficient and specific adhesion. To determine the coefficient of friction and the specific adhesion, the soil slipping resistance should be assessed at several different values of the specific pressure between the slipping surfaces. Alteration of soil slipping coefficient has an alternative hyperbolic regress. On the basis of this opinion, by the method of least squares, one can determine the coefficients of soil friction and specific adhesion force.
Key words: soil slipping resistance, soil friction coefficient, specific adhesion, studying methods
AN ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEM RELIABILITY - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Stanisław Walusiak, Mieczysław Dziubiński, Wiktor Pietrzyk
Lublin University of Technology
Summary. For the purpose of improving driving safety, vehicles are equipped with the electronic anti-lock braking system - a part of the braking system responsible for vehicle safety during driving. Therefore, its high reliability is required. All ABS elements are two-state elements which are characterized by two states: the state of ability (reliability state in which an object can perform tasks in the way consistent with the requirements) and the state of inability (reliability state in which an object cannot perform tasks in the way consistent with the requirements). The reliability structure of a chosen ABS electronic system as well as the results of system reliability calculations will be presented in the paper.
Key words: braking system, driving safety, ABS electronic system
THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION PARAMETERS CHANGE IN A FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM ON NOx EMISSION LEVELS
IN COMBUSTION GASES OF A TRACTOR ENGINE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Jacek Wasilewski
Department of Vehicles and Engines, Agricultural University of Lublin
Summary. The paper includes experimental research results on the level of nitrogen oxides emissions in fumes of a S-4003 engine in an agricultural tractor Ursus C-360 as well as theoretical dependencies determined by the method of the curve line regression analysis, at change of regulation parameters of an injection apparatus i.e. of the fuel pumping start angle and of the injectors opening pressure. The tests were carried out on the dynamometric stand in an engine brake hall at two rotational speeds of an engine (the maximum torque and the rated power) for the full loadings range. The level of NOx emissions in fumes was determined using a multigas absorption fume analyzer.
Key words: injection apparatus, regulation parameters, nitrogen oxides, tractor engine
DETERMINATION OF RAPESEED OILS COMBUSTION HEAT IN CALORIMETER BOMB AND AN ASSESMENT OF THE HEAT VALUE - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Grzegorz Wcisło
Department of Energetics of Agriculture, Agricultural University of Cracow
Summary. Purpose of research was to determine energy values (combustion heat and heat value) of rapeseed oil. Furthermore, taking into account oil energy value, energy value of oil that can be obtained from 1 hectare of rapeseed culture was established. For fourteen tested varieties, combustion heat was in the range between 37,8 and 40,1 MJ/kg and heat value between 35,4 and 37,7 MJ/kg. Maximum difference of oil energy values calculated in mass units was 6% and in voluminal units 7%. Culture site has a little bit lesser influence on oil energy value and for Lisek variety the difference was less than 5%. Energy value of oil that can be obtained from a cultivation area was in the range between (combustion heat - 62,9 and fuel value - 59,1 GJ/ha) and (combustion heat - 45,3 and fuel value - 42,5 GJ/ha). This indicates that the difference in rapeseed biofuel energy value, obtained from a cultivation area can be even 48%.
Key words: rapeseed oil, combustion heat, fuel value, biofuel
THE POSSIBILITTES OF CATERPILLAR TRACTOR TOWARDS ENERGY-SOWING - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Anatoliy Yakovenko, Leonid Pietrov*, Stanisław Sosnowski**
*Odessa State Agricultural University, Ukraine
**Ropczyce School Engineering and Managment, Poland
Summary The mathematical dependence is received which gives evidence of energy accumulation at the torsion-caterpillar mover of tractor at the period of acceleration, which allows to minimize energy expenditures.
Key words: mathematical dependence, energy tractor expenditures
EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION OF TRANSPORTATION ENTERPRISES AT DIFFERENT OWNERSHIP - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Kazimierz Zawiślak
Department of Food Engineering and Machinery, Agricultural University in Lublin
Summary. The paper presents a study on an influence of the transmission ratio changes of rotating velocity rolls on the energy consumption process in the crushing machine. The effect of the transmission ration changes from 1:1 to 1:1.1 and 1:1.2 is energy consumption rise at corn grain crushing of moisture content of 20 and 30%.
Key words: corn grain, crushing, energy consumption
MODELLING AND SIMULATION TESTS OF SWITCHING ON FRONT DRIVE AXLE AT FARM TRACTOR - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF
Zbigniew Żebrowski
Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
Summary. In this paper the problem of switching on power transmission from engine to front wheels in farm tractor is considered. Criteria of switching on/off the front axle drive are given. A functional model of a system tractor-tools-soil is presented, which was the basis for creation of the computer model later used to simulation tests. The schema of this model and examples of simulation results are presented. The paper is ended with conclusion considering the main criteria of switching the front axle drive.
Key words: farm tractor, wheel spin, front axle drive, control, automatic control switching on front axle drive.
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