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THERMAL DEACTIVATION OF THREE WAY EXHAUST GASCATALYTIC REACTOR
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Andrzej Ambrozik, Wiktor Danilczyk, Stanisław W. Kruczyński

The Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The present paper gives a description of deactivation processes of three way exhaust gas catalytic reactors, with special consideration of thermal deactivation. Test results for a new (or "fresh") and an aged reactor during a five-hour thermal test are presented. Conversion of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxides is evaluated. Ignition temperatures of catalyst of individual noxious matters are determined, both for a new and for an aged catalyst. Results of conversion measurements are correlated with results of physical and chemical tests of catalyst structure changes during an ageing test.

A THEORY OF PLANE INTERACTION OF A PURIFYING BLADE WITH THE HEAD OF ROOT-CROPS
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Bulgakov Vladimmir, Golovatz Ivan, Voitiuk Dmitriy, Plizga Krzysztof*

The State Agricultural University of Ukraine
* The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
A new theory is proposed of the interaction of a flexible purifying blade with the injector face of root-crops in the case when the blade installed on the driving side shaft accomplishes plane motion. On the basis of the obtained differential equations of the blade motion some new mathematical dependencies, describing the basic parameters of this interaction , are given.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION OF A CHP SET IN THE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT IN CZĘSTOCHOWA
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Karol Cupiał, Adam Dużyński, Janusz Grzelka

The Częstochowa University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
Since 1998, a co-generation source producing electric energy and heat has been operated at the Central Waste Treatment Plant in Częstochowa. The combustion engine is supplied with biogas fuel gained in the Waste Treatment Plant as a byproduct during the processing of sewage sludges. This is a typical coupled CHP (Cogeneration Heat & Power) power engineering installation generating electric energy and heat in the gaseous fuel source and at the site of demand. In the conditions of the Częstochowa Waste Treatment Plant, the biogas power generating set with the 8A20G engine is only operated in the periods of occurring a biogas surplus in the Waste Treatment Plant, that is from April to November. During this period, the set can be operated in a cycle of up to 14 operating hours/day, in total for about 2000 hours, with an average electric power of approx. 500 kW.
The relatively high power of the set and the capability of storing the biogas in a high-capacity tank provide a possibility of utilizing the biogas surplus in the conditions of cyclic operation with a large share of electric energy generated in power peak load hours, which is economically very advantageous.
The high economic effectiveness of the CHP set applied in the Częstochowa Waste Treatment Plant is a consequence of the fact that the analysis of economic effects does not burden the system with the costs of purchase of fuel (biogas) which, in a waste treatment plant, is a byproduct of the sewage sludge fermentation process

RESEARCH OF THE GAS ENGINE WITH TWO - STAGE COMBUSTION SYSTEM
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Karol Cupiał, Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Arkadiusz Kociszewski

The Częstochowa University of Technology

SUMMARY
The article presents the results of laboratory research of SI engine with sectional combustion chamber where both main chamber and prechamber are powered by gaseous fuel. The obtained results are compared to an earlier analysis of two-stage combustion system engine with the main chamber powered by gasoline.

THE ENERGY-CONSUMING INDEXES OF WHEAT KERNEL GRINDING PROCESS
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Dariusz Dziki, Janusz Laskowski
The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The energy-consuming indexes of wheat kernel grinding process were evaluated. The results showed that the grinding ability index and the grinding index K are better parameters than the specific grinding energy, because these indexes take into account the size of ground particles. Hardness of kernel had a significant influence on energy-consuming indexes. During the work of grinding machines, as kernel hardness increased, the specific grinding energy and the grinding index K increased too. The best material to grind was Banti wheat. The lowest values of energy-consuming indexes were obtained for kernel of this cultivar

THE EFFECT OF SOME TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY AT MIXING GRANULAR MATERIALS
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Józef Grochowicz, Sławomir Walczyński*

Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland
*Institute of Animal Science in Kraków, Poland

SUMMARY
The work presents the results of the studies on the effect of the properties of the selected technological components on the active energy consumption at mixing processes. In the tests, an industrial band-blade mixer was used. Measurement capacity for continuous data registration of the stand equipped in a power converter and a computer was tested. The determined coefficients of variability for the applied loading of the system ranged from 0.6 to 0.7%; the system was characterised by high measurement accuracy.

EU MANAGEMENT OF THE PLANT PROTECTION PESTICIDES
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Bruno Huyghebaert, Olivier Mostade, Józef Sawa*

Agricultural Research Center of Gembloux, Belgium,
*Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland.

SUMMARY
European and national authorities started many initiatives to secure the use of Plant Protection Pesticides (PPP), in order to guarantee the protection of the user, the consumer and the environment. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) helps ensuring a high level of state of the art of sprayers and leads to uniform criteria for evaluating new spraying systems as for their working quality, operator safety and environmental protection. In order to use safely crop protection products in agricultural production in Europe, it is necessary to define the requirements and test methods for sprayers in use. This is a relevant step after having standardized the requirements for new equipment, in respect of safety hazards (see EN 907) and potential risks of environmental contamination (see EN 12 761). The prEN 13 790 dealing with the inspection of sprayers in use is still in preparation and will soon be published as EN standard

AN ANALYSIS OF SOME OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF DI DIESEL UNDER SPEEDING-UP
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Zbigniew Kiernicki

The Lublin University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The results of tests of three DI diesels under transient conditions have been presented in this paper. The transient conditions of engine work were achieved by free running acceleration caused by quick changes of injection pump control lever position. The tests were carried out on the dynamic test bench equipped with two measurement systems: angular acceleration measuring system and quick-changing variables measuring system. The mean indicated pressure determined by one measurement system has been compared to the mean indicated pressure index determined by the second one. On the grounds of the obtained results it is possible to state that in transient conditions both crankshaft angular acceleration values and mean indicated pressure values change together with quite good compatibility. The sum of acceleration values during speeding-up and slowing down may be regarded as an index of mean indicated pressure for further analysis and comparisons.

ENGINE TRANSIENT TEST TECHNIQUE
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Zbigniew Kiernicki

The Lublin University of Technology

SUMMARY
Engine test technique under transient conditions has been presented in the paper. The values obtained in transient conditions, such as crankshaft angular acceleration, torque, maximum cylinder pressure, mean indicated pressure, efficiency and others could describe an engine's transient operation. Those values are used for further comparisons and assessments. An adequate research set-up and data acquisition system has been described. The use of this technique for an assessment of an engine's operation has been presented. Sample research results of DI diesels tested under transient conditions are presented. The obtained results could be useful in the modelling of DI diesel transient work and for diagnostic aims as well.

MECHATRONIC CONTROL OF THE IMPLEMENT LINKAGE OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF

Bronisław Kolator

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

SUMMARY
In this study the experiment results of agricultural implement mounted on the rear three-point linkage by means of automatic control of this linkage by a mechanical or electronic system were presented.

INFLUENCE OF RME FUELS ON CHOSEN VARIABLES OF DIESEL ENGINE SUPPLY PROCESS
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Adam Koniuszy, Roman Nadolny

Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie

SUMMARY
In this article comparative results of chosen research works on the injection process of RME fuel and diesel oil have been presented. The raw characteristics of a sectional pump supplied with the examined fuels and the characteristics of the basic rheological features have been described.

SELECTED PROBLEMS IN CAR RECYCLING - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF

Kazimierz Lejda

Technical University of Rzeszow, Poland

SUMMARY
This paper deals with problems related to automotive vehicles recycling. Car recycling represents an ecological problem of primary importance occurring in liquidation of means of transportation. Arguments presented in this paper show that positive results can be achieved only if the recycling is carried out in a complex way and with use of up-to-date technologies

A METHOD OF SELECTION OF BRAKING FORCES DISTRIBUTION IN A ONE UNIT VEHICLE
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Mikołaj Miatluk, Zbigniew Kaminski, Jarosław Czaban

The Bialystok Institute of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The article presents an analysis of the ideal breaking forces distribution of a one-unit tractor. A method of the selection of the linear-broken distribution of the breaking forces is described. There are also the results of the calculations of the parameters of the breaking forces distribution for the personal-cargo cars of the pick-up type, which are used in agriculture.

GRASS HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN WALLOON - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF

Olivier Miserque, Otto Oestges, Józef Sawa*

Agricultural Engineering Department -Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium

*Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The fodder harvesting techniques, necessary working time and the cost depending on the selected fodder harvesting techniques and working conditions in Walloon cattle-breeding areas are presented.

EFFECT OF EXPANDER - COKING ON SME AND QUALITY OF RAPESEED - FABA BEAN MIXTURES
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Leszek Mościcki,* Jan Pokorny,** Halina Kozłowska,***Dick J. Van Zuilichem****

*Lublin Agricultural University, Poland
**Prague Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
***Institute of Food Science PAN, Olsztyn, Poland
****Wageningen University, the Netherlands

SUMMARY
The utility of baro-thermal full-fat rapeseed and faba bean (broad bean) mixtures, using expander-cooking technique is reported. Changes in the nutrient contents during the thermal treatments of the materials used in the experiments are reported and analysed. Attention was focused also on the specific mechanical energy consumption, which determines the economic aspects of the processing

POWER ENGINEERING OF SWEET CORN CUTTING PROCESS
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Ignacy Niedziółka, Mariusz Szymanek

The Agricultural University of Lublin

SUMMARY
The paper presents the results of the research on energy consumption in the process of kernel removal from ear cobs of sweet corn. The measurements of power input, flow capacity and energy consumption were taken on a research stand. An influence was tested of the ear feeding velocity and the kernel removal from the cobs velocity on the analysed parameters of the cutter's work. The highest effectiveness and energy consumption were observed at the velocities of the corn ear feed 0.77-0.92 m*s-1 and of the cutting head 168-252 rad*s-1

THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL PROCESSING WITH INFRARED RAYS ON THE ELEMENTARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN GRINDING WHEAT GRAINS
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Marek Opielak, *Dariusz Andrzejko, Henryk Komsta

Technical University of Lublin, Poland
*The Agricultural University of Lublin

SUMMARY
The paper presents the results of measuring elementary energy consumption in the process of grinding thermally processed wheat caryopsis. The caryopses were thermally processed with infrared rays at the temperatures of 120 and 170 C for 60 and 120 s. Subsequently, they were ground in a grain shredder. The influence of parameters of used thermal processing on the value of elementary intake of energy at grinding wheat grains was established.

TRIBOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF USING VARIOUS KINDS OF DIESEL OIL AS LUBRICANTS
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Roman Paluch, Piotr Tarkowski

The Technical University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The results of laboratory comparative tests concerning the influence of fuel kind on friction and wear processes have been presented in the paper. Tests were carried out on pin-on-disk and Falex test stands under conditions of lubrication with standard diesel oil (ON) and modified fuel (ONM "Standard") introduced for supplying municipal transport buses

AN INFLUENCE OF RAPE OIL ESTER CONTENT IN FUEL BLEND ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION LEVELS
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Wiesław Piekarski, Jacek Wawrzosek

The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The article presents an analysis of CO2 emission levels in the fumes of S-4002 engines fed with fuel blends composed of the mineral engine oil ON and rape oil ester RME in various proportions. It has been found out that the values of these emissions do not differ from the emission levels in the engines fed exclusively with the mineral engine oil ON.

INFLUENCE OF THE TRACTOR AND SEMITRAILER MASS RATIO ON BRAKING STABILITY
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Simion Popescu, Ioan Cândea, Carol Csatlos

Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

SUMMARY
The paper presents a theoretical research method of the dynamic behaviour in the braking of tractor - semitrailer transport combination. Based on the equivalent dynamic model of the real physical system, the mathematical model describing the dynamic behaviour of the system during braking is developed, thus allowing computer simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the system and its components (tractor and semitrailer). The experimental investigation has highlighted a good agreement of the results obtained theoretically (computer aided simulation) and experimentally (by measurements) regarding the dynamic parameters of the braking process

INVESTIGATIONS OF STRESS STATE IN SOIL UNDER TRACTOR TYRES
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Jarosław Pytka, Gabriel Szymaniak

The Technical University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
Soil stress state, i.e. major stresses S1, S2 and S3, mean normal and shear stresses on the octahedral plane were determined from soil pressure data captured during a pass of a tractor. To obtain soil pressures a SST (stress state transducer) was used. This device consists of six pressure transducers, which are oriented to measure mutually orhtogonal pressures, needed for the calculations of stress state components. A 29 kW agricultural tractor of the total mass 2450 kg was used in the experiment. The tractor was driven several times over the investigated soil area and the effect of multiple passing was also investigated. The SST was installed at the depth of 15 and 30 cm by simple excavation of soil and then refilling to obtain initial bulk density. Stress state components have been presented in a graphical form. Stress values, effects of multiple passing as well as methodological aspects of the experiments were discussed

ECONOMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF RAPE SEED HARVEST - pełny artykuł (full article) - plik PDF

Mieczysław Szpryngiel, Marian Wesołowski, Bogusław Szot*

The Agricultural University of Lublin
*Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin

PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF THE TRACTORS TRANSPORT-PULL UNITS UNITIZATION ANALYSIS
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Tayanovsky Georgy A., Tanaś Wojciech*

The Belarussian State University of Technology,
*The Agricultural University of Lublin

SUMMARY
This paper presents the concept and problems concerning the structure system of the analysis and the approval of tractor transport units

KINEMATICS, WORKING PARAMETERS AND MODES OF VARYING THE DIGGING SHARE OF THE ELEVATOR-TYPE POTATO COMBINE
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Tanaś Wojciech, Jan Ukalski, Tayanovsky Georgy A.*

The Agricultural University of Lublin,
*The Belarussian State University of Technology

SUMMARY
The article presents a set of materials of the analysis of kinematics, working parameters and modes of operation varying share with ellipse cutting edge and reveals opportunities for rational constructive - regime adjustment of the working body in the conditions of operation. Expressions are received and the analysis of kinematics, working and regime parameters varying share with an ellipse cutting edge is given.

METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF A DEFINITION OF RATIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE BRUSH-SCREW STONE SEPARATOR ON THE ELEVATOR-TYPE POTATO COMBINE
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Tanaś Wojciech, Tayanovsky Georgy A.*

The Agricultural University of Lublin,
*The Belarussian State University of Technology

SUMMARY
In this article a set of methodological concepts of a choice of design and parameters regime for the brush-screw stone separator in a universal modular construction potato combine of the elevator-type has been presented.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES AND MACHINERY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUGAR BEET IN LATVIA
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Arvids Vilde

Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
Due to the introduction of modern machine technologies and machinery, the production of sugar beet in Latvia has gained significant development during the recent years. Sugar beet growing has turned into one of the most economical and profitable branches of plant cultivation. The most power-consuming and expensive processes in sugar beet production are soil tillage and crop harvesting which make an important proportion of all expenses. The labour consumption in sugar beet production constitutes 60-70 man h/ha (2.2-2.6 man h/t) and the costs - 650-800 USD per hectare (22-26 USD/t). Total costs involve: 52 % of maintenance costs, 19 % of mineral fertilisers, 16 % of herbicides and other chemicals and 13 % of seeds costs. Depreciation on machinery makes the greatest share (50%) of maintenance costs. Repairs and maintenance require 18 %, fuel and lubricants - 12 %, wages with extra fees - 20 %. In order to lessen the impact of the depreciation deductions on the cost of labour, the expensive machines (seeders, combine harvesters) should be loaded to the maximum during the whole season.

THE IMPACT OF SOIL PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON DRAFT RESISTANCE OF PLOUGHS
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Arvids Vilde, Adolfs Rucins

University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
By using analytical correlations derived as a result of theoretical research, a computer algorithm has been worked out for simulating the functions of the plough body and the forces exerted by soil upon the operating parts, as well as its draft resistance. These correlations allow to determine the draft resistance of the plough depending on the parameters of its body, as well as to evaluate the impact of the physical and mechanical properties of soil upon it. They considerably influence the draft resistance of the body and, respectively, the energy capacity of ploughing and fuel consumption. The greatest influence upon it is exerted by soil hardness, density and slip resistance along the surfaces of the operating parts. The latter is also affected by soil adhesion, which manifests itself particularly in wet clay soils at lower temperatures. The maximum plough resistance occurs in caked clay soils, the minimum - in sandy soils.

MINIMISATION OF SOIL TILLAGE
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Arvids Vilde, Sandris Cesnieks, Adolfs Rucins

Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
The work sums up and briefly discusses solutions of soil tillage minimisation technologies and machinery, their agronomic, energetic, mechanic, economical and ecological aspects. Tillage minimisation is performed in the following directions: reducing number of passes, as well as tillage depth and intensity, joining operations, improving machine design and aggregation, using advanced more suitable technologies and machines, conducting tillage in optimal terms. Minimization of soil tillage is an agronomically acceptable, energy, labour and cost saving action. Improvements in the machine design and use for the traditional soil tillage technologies allow to save 24-36 % of energy (46-110 kWh/ha, which corresponds to 12-27 kg/ha of fuel), to reduce labour consumption by 16-22 %, as well as to cut tillage costs by 14-26 % (10-20 USD/ha). Soil tillage minimisation with ploughing reduces these indices up to two times, without ploughing - up to six times. Furthermore, these actions help to protect soils and environment

THE INFLUENCE OF REGULATION PARAMETERS CHANGES IN A FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM ON CO AND HC EMISSION LEVELS IN COMBUSTION GASES OF A TRACTOR ENGINE
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Jacek Wasilewski

The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The article presents results of experimental tests on emission levels of carbon oxide and hydrocarbons in fumes of S-4003 engine of the agricultural tractor Ursus-360 as well as the theoretical dependencies found out by the method of curvilinear regression analysis at changing regulation parameters of a fuel injection system, i.e. at different fuel pumping start angles and injectors opening pressures. The tests were carried out on a dynamometric stand in an engine brake room, for two rotation speeds of the engine and for the full road range. CO and HC emission levels were determined by means of a multigas absorption fume analyser.

RESEARCH OF PROPERTIES OF THE DIESEL ENGINE UNIVERSAL REGULATOR OF A TRACTOR
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Victor Zakharchuk

Lutsk State Technical University, Ukraine

SUMMARY
The work is directed at raising of fuel economy and lowering of harmful rejections of a wheeled tractor when performing transport work by using universal regulator and optimal partial high - speed characteristics under one - mode regulation.

MECHATRONICS, AND EFFICIENCY OF TRACTORS IN OPERATION
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Jerzy Żebrowski*, Zbigniew Żebrowski**

*Technical University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
** The Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
An increase of operational efficiency of a tractor machine combine is possible by using mechatronic devices for its control.
This paper presents an operation of that system with automatic controls of the front wheel drive in such a way, that the front wheel drive is switched on when the propelling forces act with the same sense on the front as on the rear wheels, i.e. positively at propelling, and negatively at braking.
The applied system enables to control automatically the front wheel drive, independently from the sizes of the tyres mounted on tractor wheels or from the pressure inside the tyres.

AN EXPERT'S KNOWLEDGE FOR TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTIC
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Bogdan Żółtowski

The University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz, Poland

SUMMARY
The paper presents rules of assessment by a minimum number of experts, introduced to be of help in a diagnostic decision. It can solve the most important problem in many diagnostic procedures, mainly, frequent cases of little credibility of results of investigations. It is also a most important question in the theory of complete expert knowledge for building advisory systems.