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THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY REGARDING AN APPARATUS FOR PLANTING POTATOES WITH CHAIN EQUIPPED WITH COMPLEX CUPS, WITH RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE CIRCUIT AND VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL AND OBLIQUE BRANCH
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Isabela Alexandru*, Simion Popescu**, Ioan Cândea**

The National Research Institute for Agricultural Machinery of Bucharest, Romania
** Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

SUMMARY
The paper presents theoretical aspects regarding the kinematics and dynamics of the potato tuber in interaction with the planting apparatus made up of a chain equipped with complex cups and horizontal branch. It presents the skeleton diagram of the apparatus and the constructive form of the active bodies it is equipped with. The theoretical studies are completed with the results obtained after the experimental researches.

SIMULATION OF AN INDICATOR DIAGRAM OF A DIESEL ENGINE
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Andrzej Ambrozik, Wiktor Danilczyk, Stanisław W. Kruczyński

The Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The present paper deals with simulation methodology of an indicator diagram of an engine on the basis of an assumed velocity characteristics of a relative amount of heat released during the combustion process, taking into consideration variations of the amount and characteristics of the working medium

CHEMICAL DEACTIVATION OF A THREE WAY EXHAUST GAS CATALYTIC REACTOR USING SULFUR COMPOUNDS
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Andrzej Ambrozik, Wiktor Danilczyk, Stanisław W. Kruczyński

The Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The present paper gives the results of research focused on the conversion of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxides in Pd/Rh catalytic reactor, during 100-hour test carried out using gasoline containing large amounts of sulfur compounds. Conversion values of noxious matters were determined for new (or "fresh") and aged catalysts. Results of conversion measurements obtained from tests at engine test bench were correlated with results of tests concerning emission of noxious matters from a car fitted with a catalyst poisoned with sulfur compounds, the tests being carried out in European test - ECE R83. Detoxication possibility of a catalyst operating on fuel with low sulfur contents was evaluated

THEORY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL/SPACE INTERACTION OF PURIFYING BLADE/VANE WITH THE HEAD OF THE ROOT-CROPS
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Volodymyr Bulgakov*, Ivan Holovach*, Krzysztof Plizga**

*The National Agricultural University of Ukraine, Ukraine
**The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
Is proposed the improved theory of interaction of flexible purifying blade/vane with the injector face of root-crops on the root, in the case, when blade/vane moves in the space. On the basis of the obtained differential three-dimensional equations of motion of blade/vane the new mathematical dependences, which base the basic parameters of this interaction, are given

INVESTIGATION OF PICKING DEVICE OSCILLATING MOTION IN FLAX HARVESTING ASSEMBLY
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Volodymyr Bulgakov, A. Horbovyi, Ivan Holovach

The National Agricultural University of Ukraine, Ukraine

SUMMARY
Picking device oscillating motion in flax harvesting assembly is studied. Equivalent dynamic models of mechanical system with one and two degrees of freedom are developed

THE METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF USING MULTIFACTORAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE IN THE EXAMINATION OF EXPLOITATION OF ENGINE SETS
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Zbigniew Burski*, Joanna Tarasińska*, Romuald Sadkevič**

The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland
** The Higher School of Agriculture in Vilnius, Lithuania

SUMMARY
The paper presents methodological aspects of using analysis of variance in simulated examinations of vibration dynamics of the kinematic pair piston - piston rings - cylinder sleeve of an agricultural machine set. The choice of variables for a statistical analysis by the method of multifactoral analysis of variance, repetitiveness of the evaluation results and cryteria of choice were presented. The accepted methodology was illustrated with the examples of different exploitation conditions of a tractor's engine.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SOIL VIBRATORS USED FOR THE GERMINAL LAYER PREPARATION
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Ion Cândea, Simion Popescu

Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

SUMMARY
The completed studies aimed at the creation of the theoretical and experimental bases for the elastic active elements of the soil vibrators. Experiments were carried out with elastic supports on various soils, working depths and velocities.

AN INTERACTIVE MODELLING OF WORK CYCLE OF SI GAS ENGINE
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Karol Cupiał, Grzegorz Katolik

Technical University of Częstochowa, Poland

SUMMARY
An interactive modelling of SI gas engine work cycle using Wiebe function is presented in this paper. This method includes interactive selection of model parameters to accomplish the best conformity of modelling pressure course with real pressure course. The aim of this paper is to estimate the accomplishment of possibilities of pressure course transformation in SI gas engine work cycle applying the model, which uses Wiebe function

MULTIPOINT SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATING ON LEAN MIXTURE
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Karol Cupiał, Arkadiusz Kociszewski, Arkadiusz Jamrozik

Technical University of Częstochowa, Poland

SUMMARY
The results of an experiment on multipoint spark ignition engine operating on lean mixture (alpha = 1.2-2.0) were presented in the paper. The research concerned the influence of spark plugs number and location on the following performance characteristics of this engine: the indicated work, indicated efficiency and the cycle's non-repeatability. The article also described a modelling of the combustion process in this engine, which was performed with KIVA 3V. Those simulations were compared to the experiment.

INVESTIGATION OF DENSITY CHANGE OF AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS
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Volodymyr Didukh, Igor Tsyz

Lutsk State University of Technology, Ukraine

SUMMARY
The article presents the method of determining mechanism of stresses distribution in limited volumes of agricultural materials. Based on this mechanism material density change under the action of machine tools and other factors is established

MODEL TESTING OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
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Mieczysław Dziubiński

The Technical University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The diagnostic model of fuel injection system ML4.1 made by Bosch and results of the active experiment carried out for such a system on a specially designed test stand have been presented in the paper. KTS 500 diagnostic device was used for measurement results verification

RESEARCHES ON THE HARVESTING PROCESS OF STRAW CEREALS BY EAR STRIPPING
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Vergil Gângu*, Simion Popescu**

The National Research Institute for Agricultural Machinery (INMA) of Bucharest, Romania
** The Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

SUMMARY
The paper presents theoretically grounded and experimentally checked by a physical model, the theoretical process aiming at the stripping of the ears or panicles of the straw cereals, their transport and reception in view of the subsequent works within the working process of the harvesting machines for straw cereals.
The large range of problems lying at the basis of clearing up the complex process of harvesting by stripping the straw cereals offers the contemporary scientific research a vast area of investigation with the results which can constitute, by their importance, significant steps on the way of the future evolution of modern harvesters.

INVESTIGATIONS OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS OF DI DIESEL ENGINE PISTON
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Leszek Gardyński

Technical University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
In the article, the work conditions of Diesel engine's pistons were described. The problem of piston heads cracking caused by heat fatigue was pointed out. This problem considerably limits durability of engines with aluminium pistons.
Changes in the structure of piston silumin during the process of thermal fatigue were outlined. Then, the research scope was presented. The research included simulation and measurements of temperature changes of exposed piston surfaces.

MANAGEMENT OF EMPTY PESTICIDE CONTAINERS
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Bruno Huyghebaert*, Olivier Mostade*, Józef Sawa**

Agricultural Research Center of Gembloux, Belgium
** Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
After use, empty pesticide containers retain some active ingredient. Usually, users burn or bury them.
The study aims at determining the quantities of residue contained in empty containers and the parameters reducing the rinsing efficiency: the formulation, the container's size, packaging's type (plastic container or paper bag), the rinsing technique. Almost 150 tests and analyses of residue have been carried out.
A manual rinsing procedure has been set up in order to meet the standards for residue. Rinsing three times with an average volume of water (20 to 30%) allows to reach the lowest residue level. As bags containing powder container cannot be rinsed, it is necessary to empty them completely. It is however difficult to reach the 1000 ppm residue limit.

YAKOVENKO-PETROV METHOD FOR AN ESTIMATION OF THE QUALITY OF INDICATORS OF WHEEL PROPULSION UNITS IN TRACTIVE TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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Anatoliy Yakovenko, Leonid Petrov

Odessa State Agricultural University, Ukraine

SUMMARY
The paper aims at an estimation of quality indicators of wheel propulsion units of tractive transportation facilities. The tests and calculations show that the tangential thrust force varies under the rectilinear law and may be implemented also outside a propulsion unit. A new approach is proposed to the construction of tractive transportation facilities

THE EFFECTS OF CETANE NUMBER AND FUEL SULPHUR CONTENT ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM THE EURO III DIESEL VEHICLE
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Miłosław Kozak, Jerzy Merkisz

The Poznań University of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
A great reduction of diesel engine emission limits in the future, especially of PM and NOx, forces to develop means to comply with stringent legislation. Environmentally friendly fuels are regarded as effective means to decrease emissions. Although the emissions reduction is lower than could be achieved by the most modern engine technology or alternative fuels, the immediate net effect of reformulated diesel fuel on the emissions is significant, since it takes place over the whole vehicle population.
The effect of diesel fuel properties and composition on regulated emissions was investigated in a DI Common Rail, turbocharged passenger car, equipped with an oxidation catalyst and electronically controlled exhaust gas recirculation, representing the latest technology in production at the start of the research programme. Attention was focused primarily on the fuel properties such as: sulphur content and cetane number. To evaluate the influence of fuel properties on emissions, eight different test fuels were prepared: four fuels with the sulphur content varying from less than 5 ppm up to 2000 ppm and four fuels with the cetane number varying from 45 up to 63. The new vehicle homologation procedure introduced in the Directive 98/69/EC, the so-called new European driving cycle (NEDC) was selected as a representative test for this research.
Experimental results indicated that fuel sulphur level had a significant impact on all the regulated emissions, especially on PM. Out of the two parts of the NEDC test the second part - the EUDC test - was more sensitive for the diesel fuel sulphur content.
Testing fuels of different ignition qualities showed that HC and CO emissions of high cetane number fuels were significantly lower than the emissions of low cetane number fuel. We also observed a small decrease in NOx emissions with an increase in cetane number. The effect of cetane number on particulate emissions was more complex, the highest emission was obtained for medium-cetane number fuel

INFLUENCE OF OUTER ENERGY ON RYE GRAIN TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN MODEL SILO
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Elżbieta Kusińska

The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
Results of simulative study on rye grain temperature distribution in silo's longitudinal section were presented in the paper. 'Wibro' rye with initial water contents of 0.136, 0.190 and 0.250 kg/kg d.m. and stored at 15°, 20° and 25° of outer temperature for 21 days under oxygen respiration conditions was applied for tests. Grain temperature was recorded everyday at 40 measurement points. Study results were subjected to regression analysis and the formula combining the grain's temperature depending on initial water content, outer temperature, process duration and measurement point location was derived. Variance analysis revealed that all the experimental variables exerted a significant effect on rye grain temperature.

COMBUSTION ENGINES - ENVIRONMENTAL MENACE
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Karol Kwiatkowski, Bogdan Żółtowski

University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz, Poland

SUMMARY
The present paper presented the essential problems concerning the limitation of vehicles exhaust gases toxicity degree from sparkle ignition engines as well as emissions of solid particles from Diesel engines exhausts. Advice and present tendencies were described in limitation of the levels of these emissions. Ways of limiting solid particles emission were presented as well as the latest devices reducing this emission. There is no doubt, that in the coming years Diesel engines, thanks to the latest solutions (Common Rail, FAP system, solid particles filter etc.) will be progressively replacing sparkle ignition engines.

ANALYSIS OF CHOSEN PARAMETERS OF COMBUSTION PROCESS FOR 4C90 ENGINE FUELLED WITH EKO DIESL AND ONM IN TRANSIENT CONDITIONS
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Rafał Longwic

The Technical University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The results of indicating the engine with turbulence chamber 4C90, fuelled with ONM and Eko Diesel of summer and winter types, in transient conditions, have been presented in the paper. Conditions of engine transient operation were mapped with the method of active experiment consisting in engine free engine up caused by the step change of fuel dose control element position. The course of combustion process chosen parameters, i. e. mean indicated pressure, pressure growing maximum velocity, maximum combustion pressure, pressure maximum occurrence angle and combustion start occurrence angle has been presented. An attempt at an explaination of the observed differences in the course of tested fuels combustion process in transient conditions has been made.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE AIRFLOW OF PNEUMATIC ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL VEHICLES
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Mikołaj Miatluk, Zbigniew Kaminski, Jarosław Czaban

The Bialystok Institute of Technology, Poland

SUMMARY
The article presents the method of the computer identification of the characteristics of the airflow of the pneumatic resistance elements. The results of the carried out researches for the selected pneumatic elements used in agricultural vehicles (oil separator, air-pipe filter and the joint of the air pipes) are applied. On the basis of the researches the verification of the basic models of the function of the airflow used in the simulation researches of pneumatic systems was performed.

EFFECT OF SCREW CONFIGURATION ON QUALITY AND SME VALUE OF CORN EXTRUDATES
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Leszek Mościcki

Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
Effect of process variables and screw configuration on the quality and SME value of direct extrusion corn extrudates has been studied with twin screw, counter rotating extrusion - cooker Valeurex. The obtained results showed that the values of SME for a number of trials were the same although bulk density and product quality were completely different. However, the screw configuration is very important for the creation of the desired process conditions and extrusion-cooking has to be based on the selection of many other parameters (machine variables and raw materials characteristics), which altogether stimulate the proper product's quality and production effectiveness.

SIMULATION RESEARCH OF UNITARY FUEL CONSUMPTION OF MAN ENGINE
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Janusz Mysłowski, Jaromir Mysłowski

The Technical University of Szczecin, Poland

SUMMARY
The paper presents a test of using the Leideman's equation for the simulation of the unitary fuel consumption plot for direct injection diesel engines. They are the main power source in the group of high-load trucks and use significant amounts of fuel. Any decrease in fuel consumption significantly reduces environmental pollution and in that way is desirable, regardless of the economic effect.

THE INFLUENCE OF A BENT AXIS ANGLE ON THE DIMENSIONS OF AN AXIAL PISTON HYDROMACHINE
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Ilya Nikolenko*, Eugeniusz Krasowski**

* The Agricultural University of Odessa
** The Agricultural University of Lublin

SUMMARY
The paper aims at the determination of an influence of the bent axis angle on the dimensions of an axial piston hydromachine. The best motor characteristics are shown by bent axis design hydromachines. As the research proves, axial dimension APH is increased proportionally to a discharge angle. Also, the increase of discharge angle BC reduces a projection of thickness of a ground part

EXPERIMENTAL CHECK OF THE PROCESS OF CRUSHING SEED FRUIT OF MELON CULTURES
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Sergej I. Pastushenko, Oleg V. Goldshmidt

Nikolaev State Agricultural University, Ukraine

SUMMARY
The article deals with the experimental researches of the process of crushing of the seed fruit melon cultures. On the basis of studying the materials the classification of the crushing devices was made to choose the optimum one from the point of view of the quality of work and power consumption. During the realization of the experimental research the compromise was reached as to the problem, that an improvement of one of the criteria of optimization resulted in a deterioration of another one. Experimental research which was carried out with the use of the theory of planning has allowed to optimize the design and technological parameters of the device.

TRACTORS AND HARVESTER THRESHERS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY
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Jan Pawlak

Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn, Poland

SUMMARY
In the 1950s and 1960s the number of tractors and harvester threshers grew dramatically in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and in France (in 1950 there were 143000 tractors in France increasing to 1265000 in 1970). At the same time the number of above-mentioned machines in use in Poland was still low, but with an increasing trend. In the USA a decrease was already occurring in 1960s, while in France and in the FRG only in 1970s (harvester threshers) and 1980s (tractors). The reasons for the decrease were: 1) a reduction in the number of farms and the increased use of specialization, 2) changes in technology and the way farm machinery was utilized, 3) an increase in the cost of production versus the value of the agricultural products. In Poland the decrease in the number of machines in use did not occur until the end 1990s, due to a lower stage of development of the farm mechanization and the prolonging of a useful life of the existing machines

AN ANALYSIS OF AN INFLUENCE OF RAPE OIL ESTER CONTENT IN FUEL ON SMOKINESS LEVEL IN THE SI ENGINE FUMES BY STATISTICAL METHOD
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Wiesław Piekarski, Joanna Tarasińska

The Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
The aim of the paper is the analysis of an influence of rape oil methyl ester 'RME' content in fuel mixture on the smokiness of fumes from the tractor engine S-4002/S-4003. The statistical analysis of covariance with the engine's power as a covariate was applied to experimental data.

TECHNICAL, ECONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF MODERN COMBINE SOIL TILLAGE, FERTILISING AND SOWING MACHINES
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Adolfs Rucins, Arvids Vilde, Uldis Pinnis, Sandris Cesnieks

University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
Comparative studies have been carried out to estimate the possibilities, purposefulness and efficiency of combine soil tillage, fertilising and sowing machines and units for field crops used on peasant farms under the Baltic conditions. It has been found out that the most widely used machines and units are aggregates combining pre-sowing tillage of soil (combine cultivators, or revolving power harrow), mineral fertiliser application (pneumatic distributors) and grain sowing (pneumatic, or mechanical sowing machines). As to the agrotechnical terms, ploughing-sowing aggregates may have a limited application. The most suitable are tractor-mounted machines. For combine aggregates, preference should be given to more powerful tractors having frontally mounted equipment as well. In contrast to single-operational machines, the use of combine aggregates removes the weather risk, improves the quality of work, raises their efficiency, reduces the consumption of energy and fuel (accordingly, the amount of harmful exhaust gases) and cuts the total costs by 15-25%.
For agrotechnical, energetic, economical and ecological considerations, the modern combine aggregates of soil tillage, fertiliser application and sowing are efficient and should be widely introduced on the farms of Latvia

THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND BIOENERGY PRODUCTION
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Yves Schenkel*, Romain Crehay**, Cathy Delaunois**, Jean Schummer***

Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium,
** ValBiom asbl c/o CRA, Gembloux, Belgium,
*** L.E.E. sarl ZAC Langwies, Junglinster, GD Luxemburg

SUMMARY
The present article introduce three cases showing the potential of bioenergy in the agricultural sector: a small wood district heating system; gasification of short rotation coppice wood chips for electricity production; biomethanation of cattle and pig sludge. Also was give a look on the biomass resource, on the technology, on the energy use as well as on the benefit for the farmer

EFFECTS OF REDUCED INFLATION PRESSURE AND RIDE VELOCITY ON SOIL SURFACE DEFORMATION
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Gabriel Szymaniak, Jaroslaw Pytka

The Technical University Lublin, Poland

SUMMARY
Experimental investigations of the effects of reduced inflation pressure and variable ride velocity on soil deformations were carried out. A new method for the determination of both vertical and longitudinal deformations of soil surface was used. This is a non-contact opto-electronic method and allows for measurements of both vertical and horizontal displacements of a point on soil surface. Deformation of soil surface were measured for three inflation pressures: 0.6 (nominal), 0.5 and 0.4 MPa in two tyre types (radial and tubeless), which were installed in a heavy specialized vehicle of 14 000 kg mass, running with three velocities: 5, 10 and 15 km/h. The effects of both reduced inflation pressure and velocity were observed as significant. The measured vertical and longitudinal deformation of soil surface may be identified with the depth of rut z, and soil displacement j, which are variables in equations of Bekker and Janosi, respectively. For a reduced inflation pressure, rut depth and soil displacement were observed to be pronounced smaller, although the efffects are more significant for vertical than for longitudinal deformations.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC SERVODRIVE WITH JET TUBE
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Valentin Tikhenko, Alexander Volkov

Odessa National Technical University, Ukraine

SUMMARY
The construction of the hydraulic actuator with a jet tube in the capacity of a control element is considered. The feedback on loading that allows to increase hydraulic rigidity, decrease a dead zone of the hydraulic servo drive is implemented.

THE IMPACT OF SOIL MOISTURE AND COMPOSITION ON ITS PROPERTIES AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF TILLAGE
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Arvids Vilde

University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
Two of numerous factors that influence soil properties and energy consumption are soil moisture and its composition. The correlations derived from our theoretical and experimental research allow to evaluate soil physical and mechanical properties such as density, hardness, friction, adhesion and to assess draft resistance of soil tillage machines (ploughs, cultivators) depending on the value of soil moisture and composition, as well as on design parameters and operating speed of the machines, and to determine the optimum range of soil moisture when the energy capacity of tillage is the lowest.

UP-TO-DATE TRENDS IN SOIL TILLAGE ENGINEERING
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Arvids Vilde

Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia

SUMMARY
Up-to-date trends in soil tillage engineering are of mainly three directions: energy saving and cost-efficient soil tillage, environment and soil-saving tillage, as well as more friendly machines for it. Analyses have been made of soil tillage energy capacity, their determining factors, as well as the causes and consequences of their harmful effects: a great amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the burned fuel, deterioration of soil structure, subsoil compaction, penetration of oil and other substances from the machines into soil. Several ways are found out and proposed how to reduce the adverse influence of these factors on soil and environment including more efficient and appropriate tractors and machines, improved means of aggregation, as well as better quality of undercarriage. The values of these indices and tillage costs have been estimated.

OPTIMISATION OF PARAMETERS OF DIESEL'S REGULATOR AND LOADING
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Ramazan Ch. Yusupov, V. Y. Deev, A. V. Zaynishev, M. V. Solomonenko

Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering University, Russia

SUMMARY
The influence of variable loading and parameters of regulator on power of a diesel engine is considered. The results of experimental and theoretical examinations of operation of diesel engine are reduced at a variable loading and the mathematical model of diesel engine is created. The recommendations for heightening of an overall performance of diesel engine sectional.

AN ANALYSIS OF POWER FLOWING THROUGH THE WHEEL OF A RUNNING VEHICLE
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Jerzy Żebrowski

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

SUMMARY
Determination of the optimal traction performance of a tractor is possible basing on the analysis of the wheel power balance for different cases of the tractor's movements during its operation.
In order to determine the values of particular power components and senses of its flow through the wheel, the traction research in natural conditions was carried out on the appropriately equipped tractor, which was being loaded by the pulling force changing from the negative to positives values. During the runs the courses of the appropriate values of speeds, forces and torques have been registered.
The determination of the power flows through the wheel is particularly useful for traction problem analyses considering vehicles with a four-wheel drive and the problem of automatic control of the switching on all the wheels as well as the interlocking of differential mechanisms.